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Gift of the Gab: Australia and Languages

Crest of the Australian Academy of the Humanities

Symposium 2006

16-17 November 2006 in Melbourne, University of Melbourne Law School.

Abstracts

1st Session: Australian Languages

Yolngu Languages and Culture in University Teaching and Research
Waymamba Gaykamangu and John Greatorex

Yolngu (northeast Arnhemland Aboriginal people) have been adopting outsiders into their social structures, and sharing with them their languages and culture, for hundreds of years. This presentation will describe the ways in which these practices have found a place in the Yolngu Studies program at Charles Darwin University. In particular, it will discuss the ways in which traditional Yolngu rules and practices of representation, accountability and knowledge production can be found within a university teaching and research environment.

Following the Voices of Ancestors
Joe Gumbula and Aaron Corn

Yäku (Names) are the most important hereditary property held by the Yolngu (People) of North-East Arnhem Land other than country itself. They mark the identities of individuals and land-owning groups, record the original observations of ancestors, and largely comprise the esoteric languages traditionally deployed by appointed Yolngu Elders in ceremonial and diplomatic contexts.

This presentation will explore the role of hereditary Yolngu Manikay (Song) as the root medium through which yäku and their esoteric meanings are expressed and taught using Gupapuyngu Yolngu recordings directed by Neparrnga Gumbula at Djiliwirri in 2004 and 2005. It will demonstrate the vital role of Yolngu Elders in maintaining traditional knowledge and esoteric discourses that can only be taught through Manikay, and the continuing centrality of such endeavours to Yolngu cultural survival and social cohesion.

2nd Session: Translating & Interpreting

Agency And Technology In Translation Projects: Who Calls The Shots?
Anthony Pym

Translation has long been modelled in terms of two sides: source and target, home and away, us and them (or vice versa). But on which side does the translator stand? This paper will argue that, in many historical situations, translators work professionally in the overlaps of cultures, in intercultural space, which they share with many other kinds of professional communicators. Within this intercultural space, decision-making power rarely resides entirely with ownership of the means of communication, or with the purchasing power of clients. The complexity of teamwork and technologies allows translators (agents) increasing autonomy with respect to their employers (principals). However, it will be argued that complexity also allows for a paradoxical reduction of translators’ autonomy (and thereby an eclipse of interculturality), as the principals rationally decide to trust the technocratic rather than the linguistic professions. Examples will be drawn from twelfth-century Hispania and twenty-first century localisation workflows.

Humanising The Humanities with Cultural Capital
Haami Piripi

This paper will discuss the speaker’s views on the historical rise and fall of the Humanities. This will be done through a lens of theology, sociology and industrial psychology as platforms pervading the colonisation of Aotearoa/New Zealand. It proposes that the old world anthropoligical nature of integrating indigenous paradigms contributed to the demise of the Humanities as a discipline and conversely holds the upmost potential as an underlay in the regeneration, the study and research in the Humanities. He will present examples of how this has been achieved in Aotearoa/New Zealand and discuss their efficacy for countries like Australia.

Community Interpreting
Uldis Ozolins

The paper will look at the global spread of the field of what has been called ‘community interpreting’ or variously ‘liaison interpreting’, ‘public sector interpreting’, ‘cultural interpreting’, sometimes ‘ad hoc interpreting’ or any number of terms, all seeking to distinguish this area from conference interpreting. The academic obscurity of community interpreting arises from its initially non-professional basis – interpreting by volunteers or casuals for immigrants, less often indigenous inhabitants, and sometimes the deaf, who did not command the dominant language in their society when they interacted with significant social institutions. And the obscurity continues at an academic level (there are few professors and little research in this field) even though community interpreting is now a significant enterprise (dwarfing conference interpreting in employment terms) and increasing amounts of it is performed by professional and trained practitioners. Community interpreting still lacks a clear and established identity, and users and sometimes researchers of language services can have conflicting or uninformed views of its purpose and difficulty. This field presents an unearthed richness in the study of language and society in all its aspects from comparative linguistics through psycholinguistics to social interaction in language to minority/majority social relations. At the same time it is difficult to research (most of it is not performed in public) and challenges discipline-bound researchers with its focus on bilingual discourse and multi-party interaction.

Sign Language Interpreting
Meredith Bartlett

What are the differences between a sign language and a spoken language and what are the challenges for interpreters?

The paper will highlight some of the differences between a sign language and a spoken language (in particular Auslan and English). These will include linguistic differences, interpreting differences, and the consequences of issues of language maintenance. It will also explain some of the challenges for sign language interpreters working in Australia.

3rd Session: English in the World and the World in English

Global English – The Next Stage
David Graddol

The English Next (2006) report, commissioned by the British Council and written by David Graddol, draws attention to the extraordinary speed of change in issues affecting English, which were identified in the The Future of English? (1997) report. In the new report, David Graddol argues that we are already in a very new kind of environment and have entered a new phase in the global development of English. Graddol suggests that by analysing the demographic and economic trends in the twenty-first century which affect global English and language policies worldwide, we can get a glimpse into the next stage of global English.

Living With English: A Personal Account
Edwin Thumboo

This paper will discuss the changing relationship between Prof. Thumboo and the languages he used as a child, adolescent, undergraduate, and then as a working adult (that is, as academic and poet). Larger issues will be raised because of the context: Singapore as colony, as sovereign nation, as multi-racial society, as cosmopolitan city.

Prescription and English Usage
Pam Peters

Language variation seems to polarise English-speakers into those who appreciate it, and those who would suppress it by prescriptive means. Variable usage stimulates a plethora of publishing, in the form of impassioned essays such as Watson’s Decay of Public Language (2003); and judgemental reference books which seek to prescribe standard forms, such as Kingsley Amis’s The King’s English (1997). Such works are typically narrow in their focus, with a limited set of usage topics, and rarely run to a second edition. The prescriptive author simply ‘eats, shoots and leaves’, to borrow Lyn Truss’s title (2002). Do such usage books have much impact on the course of English language history? This paper will use both primary and secondary source materials to assess the resilience of certain points of usage that have been the focus of twentieth century prescriptions.

Glocalisation of Cultural Conceptualisations in English
Farzad Sharifian

Globalisation of English has led to all sorts of problems and possibilities. For one thing, it has provided a meeting space for what this paper collectively terms cultural conceptualisations, which are conceptual structures such as cultural models, schemas, categories, metaphors, blends, etc. In this meeting place, several conceptual processes have been at work, such as: a) the adoption of English to express cultural conceptualisations that were not originally associated with English, which has led to the development of new varieties of English b) the spread of Anglo-Western conceptualisations to other languages, and c) the blending of cultural conceptualisations. This presentation will elaborate on this theme and provide examples from different language-contact situations.

Surviving the Contact: Middle English and Those Invasions
Cynthia L. Allen

Although English is the dominant language in the world today, in the medieval period the very existence of English was threatened by invasions, first by Scandinavians and then by Normans. Although English survived, the English that we speak today would have been quite different had these invasions not taken place. This paper will explore some ideas about how contact with the languages of these invaders affected the basic structure of the language we speak today. It is frequently assumed that one major change which took place in the Early Middle English period, namely the loss of the Old English inflectional system, is the sort of ‘stripping down’ of a language typically caused by language contact, due to imperfect language learning and the communicative needs of speakers with different native languages. This paper will argue instead that it was the addition of new variants into the linguistic mix, in conjunction with the low sociolinguistic status of English in this period, which accelerated a change that was already in progress in Old English.

4th Session: Multilingualism in a Stressed World

Towards a Geolinguistic Imagination
Mary Louise Pratt

Language has not been a category of analysis in the study of globalisation, and yet this phenomenon, if it exists, is determined linguistically at every possible turn. This paper will be an initial attempt to identify the linguistic dimensions of contemporary planetary processes, and to ask to what extent the latter are determined by characteristics intrinsic to human language.

Multiculturalism with Interest, or: Is Life Too Short to Learn German?
Tim Mehigan FAHA

Modernity was founded on an accommodation between reason and tradition, mind and body, cosmopolitanism and the ‘autopoietic’ self. It was ‘mind-forged’ notions such as the contract – discovered in the 17th, naturalised in the 18th and romanticised in the early 19th century – that established the initial conditions for a truce between the apparently ‘conflicting drives’ (Kant) of the human being. Yet the commitment to this truce between individual and society, micro and macro, self and other has waned amidst rising attacks on reason-led society. These attacks have led to the view that modern societies cannot dissolve the ‘dialectic of Enlightenment’ at their core. As reason has lost subscribers, enabling notions such as multiculturalism, which inspire a tolerance toward modern paradoxes in the 20th and early 21st century in the same manner as the contract in the 18th century, have also come under threat – particularly in the settler societies in which they have achieved their most conspicuous successes.

This paper will argue for a renewal of the commitment to multiculturalism as social contract. It will suggest that views about a so-called dialectic of Enlightenment are conceptually flawed and should be rejected. It will equally suggest that postmodernist positions have failed to generate the levels of political tolerance needed to meet the increasing challenges of modern life. Finally, it will argue that the commitment to multiculturalism argued for requires a commitment to the educational ideals of pluralism and multilingualism and seeks to uphold the view that life really isn’t too short to learn German.

Australia Between Multilingual Society and Monolingual Mindset
Michael Clyne FAHA

This paper will discuss the paradox of a society with rich multilingual resources trapped in a monolingual mindset. It will begin by describing the demography of Australia’s community languages, including their distribution across the capital cities and the use of community languages by school age children. It will consider some of the benefits of multilingualism – cognitive, economic, cultural, and social. Monolingual thinking has resulted in fallacies undermining multilingualism – the ‘crowded curriculum’ which does not permit the presence of a second language, ‘monolingual literacy’, ‘global English sufficing’, and ‘more than two languages being too much’. It is suggested that various institutions within Australian society could collaborate to strengthen and spread multilingualism in Australia. Time permitting, some examples will be provided from the educational sector.

Biographies

Cynthia L. Allen FAHA

Reader in the School of Language Studies at the Australian National University and the Director the Centre for Research on Language Change at ANU.

Cynthia L. Allen (BA, University of Iowa and PhD University of Massachusetts at Amherst) was elected to the Australian Academy of the Humanities in 1996. She specialises in history of English grammar and her recent publications include the article ‘English: Old English’ in Elsevier’s Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics (2006) and a chapter in the Blackwell’s Handbook of the History of English (2006).

Meredith Bartlett

Research Unit for Multilingualism and Cross-Cultural Communication, School of languages, University of Melbourne.

Meredith Bartlett first had contact with the Deaf community as a teacher of the deaf at the Victorian School for Deaf Children in the 1970s. She was one of the first freelance interpreters in Victoria in the early 1980s and worked concurrently as a welfare worker for the deaf for 7 years. Later she spent four years working as an interpreter in secondary and tertiary settings. She joined the Victorian Deaf Society again in 1998 on a full time basis as a staff interpreter, and has been teaching part-time in the Diploma of Interpreting at RMIT for 10 years. Meredith gained her MA in Applied Linguistics from Monash University in 2000, and is currently studying for a PhD in Linguistics at Melbourne University.

Meredith’s studies for the MA and now the PhD included bilingualism in spoken and sign/spoken language settings. These studies led to writing, with Sandra Leane, the booklet ‘Raising Deaf Children Bilingually in Australia’, and captioning the video from Monash University, called ‘Growing up with English Plus’. The aim of both these projects was to provide some easily accessible resources for parents and teachers of deaf children in Auslan/English bilingual families and classrooms.

Patricia Clancy

Honorary Principal Fellow in the Department of  French and Italian Studies at Melbourne University.

Patricia Clancy was a member of the French Department from 1960-88 at Melboune University. She taught and published in various fields, including the 18th century novel, 18th century women’s education, 18th century women’s journalism, the beginnings of children’s literature in France, including fairy tales, contemporary theatre, and French writing on colonial Australia. She has also written two textbooks on French Composition and French Cuisine.

Since retirement Dr Clancy has continued to research, write and publish works of literary translation and French-Australian literature.

Michael Clyne FAHA

Honorary Professorial Fellow in the School of Languages and Linguistics at the University of Melbourne and Emeritus Professor of Monash University, having held professorial appointments in Linguistics at both universities.

Michael Clyne’s main fields of research and publication are sociolinguistics, bilingualism/language contact, and inter-cultural communication. His publications include Language and Society in the German-speaking Countries (1984), and its sequel The German Language in a Changing Europe (1995), Community Languages: The Australian Experience (1991), Pluricentric Languages (editor, 1992), Inter-Cultural Communication at Work (1994), Undoing and Redoing Corpus Planning (editor, 1997), Dynamics of Language Contact (2003) and Australia’s Language Potential (2005).

Aaron Corn

Australian Research Council Australian Post-Doctoral Fellow, University of Sydney.

Aaron Corn has worked closely with Indigenous communities in Arnhem Land for a decade. He graduated from Griffith University in Brisbane where he majored in clarinet and musicology at the Queensland Conservatorium, and from the University of Melbourne where he lectured in Australian Indigenous Studies under the direction of Professor Marcia Langton from 2001–03 while completing a PhD in Music. At Melbourne, he was a driving force in the development and delivery of curricula to complement the experiences of students attending the Garma Festival of Traditional Culture at Gulkula in North-East Arnhem Land, and began teaching their new equivalents in collaboration with The Koori Centre at Sydney in 2005. Dr Corn became Secretary to the annual Symposium on Indigenous Performance at the Garma Festival in 2002. His current Australian Research Council Discovery Project, ‘When the Waters Will Be One’, explores the application of performance traditions from Arnhem Land to new inter-cultural discourses by hereditary owners.

Alan Dench FAHA

Head of School, School of Humanities, University of Western Australia.

Alan Dench is an expert in Australian Aboriginal languages, and his research interests include grammatical description, typological comparison and historical reconstruction of Australian Aboriginal languages, especially those of the Pilbara region of north-west Western Australia, syntactic reconstruction, subgrouping methodology and the nature of language contact, and reconstitution and grammatical analysis of the Nyungar language of the south-west of Western Australia. His published works include Martuthunira: A Language of the Pilbara Region of Western Australia (1995) and Yingkarta (1998). He was elected to the Academy in 2002.

Rifaat Ebied FAHA

Department of Semitic Studies, School of Languages and Culture, University of Sydney.

Rifaat Ebied’s research interests include apocrypha and pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, patristic studies, Arabic and Syriac philosophical and medical works of Aristotle, Galen and Rhazes, Muslim-Christian relations in the Middle Ages, and Mandaean studies, and has published many journal articles and books on these topics. He was elected to the Academy in 1982.

Waymamba Gaykamangu

Gupapuyngu Elder.

Waymamba Gaykamangu was born, lived and worked on Milingimbi until 1989. After sixteen years teaching at Milingimbi School she then moved to Darwin in 1990 to begin working in Curriculum Branch of the Northern Territory Department of Education. In 1994 Waymamba was engaged as an Adviser to Northern Territory University. In the following year, she was employed as lecturer in Yolngu Studies at Charles Darwin University. Since that date she has continued lecturing, developing Yolngu Studies resources and research.

David Graddol

The English Company (UK).

David Graddol is a researcher and applied linguist, formerly of the Open University, and now with the English Company, a specialist producer of books and e-learning materials in applied linguistics and English language teaching. He is well known as a writer, broadcaster and consultant on issues relating to global English. His most recent publication, English Next (2006), commissioned by the British Council, draws attention to the extraordinary speed of change to issues affecting English, which were identified in the 1997 publication, The Future of English. His previous publications include English in a Changing World (with Ulrike Hanna Meinhof, 1997), Redesigning English: New Texts, New Identities (with Sharon Goodman, 1997), and History of the English Language: History Diversity and Change (1996).

John Greatorex

Coordinator of the Yolngu Studies at Charles Darwin University.

John began teaching at school on Galiwin’ku (Elcho Island) in 1978 and continued to be employed there until 2004. During this time on Galiwin’ku he was engaged with the Yolngu Studies team to deliver remote programs in Arnhem Land. In 2005 John was appointed Coordinator of the Yolngu Studies at Charles Darwin University, where he continues to be involved in the development of teaching materials, teaching and research.

Joe Gumbula

Gupapuyngu Yolngu Elder, Elcho Island, Arnhem Land and board member of the Yothu Yindi Foundation.

Joe Neparrnga Gumbula has taught contemporary music at the Northern Territory University, and lectured in Australian Indigenous Studies and Education at the University of Melbourne and Monash University. His research interests include the exploration of archival possibilities for Yolngu material, and especially the collection of Yolngu intellectual traditions for future generations, especially through dance, music and design. He has authored two articles on musical creativity in North-east Arnhem land with Aaron Corn. He directs the Galiwin’ku Indigenous Knowledge Centre, and is a leading authority on Yolngu law, knowledges and material culture. He contributes to numerous research projects as part of his cultural survival and commences as an ARC Indigenous Research Fellow at the University of Sydney in 2007.

Mabel Lee FAHA

Honorary Associate Professor at the University of Sydney, and was an academic member at the University between 1966-2000.

Mabel Lee has been co-editor of the University of Sydney East Asian Series and the University of Sydney World Literature Series since the mid-1980s, and for twenty years was assistant editor of The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia (JOSA). She is internationally known for her translations of 2000 Nobel Laureate Gao Xingjian’s novels Soul Mountain (2000) and One Man’s Bible (2002), his collection of short stories Buying a Fishing Rod for My Grandfather (2004), and his collection of critical writings The Case for Literature (2006), and for her translations of 1999 Flaiano International Prize for Poetry winner Yang Lian: Masks and Crocodile (1990), The Dead in Exile (1990) and Yi (2002).

She was awarded the NSW Premier’s Prize for Translation and the PEN Medallion (2001), the Centenary of Federation Medal for service to Australian society and literature (2003), and the University of Sydney Alumni Award for her commitment to the promotion of Asian scholarship and creativity in Australia (2003).

Mary Louise Pratt

Silver Professor in the Department of Social and Cultural Analysis and the Department of Spanish and Portuguese at New York University. Olive H. Palmer Professor of Humanities (Emerita), Stanford University.

Mary Louise Pratt holds a BA in Modern Languages and Literatures from the University of Toronto, an MA in Linguistics from the University of Illinois, and a PhD in Comparative Literature from Stanford University. She is author of Toward a Speech Act Theory of Literary Discourse (1978), Linguistics for Students of Literature (with Elizabeth Closs Traugott, 1980), Women, Culture and Politics in Latin America (co-authored, 1990), and Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (1992)

Joseph Lo Bianco FAHA

Chair of Language and Literacy Education, University of Melbourne and Honorary Professor, Language Education, University of Hong Kong.

Joseph Lo Bianco has worked on language policy, literacy planning, bilingualism and multicultural education in many countries including Australia, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Western Samoa and Scotland. His recent books include: Australian Literacies: Informing National Policy on Literacy Education (with Peter Freebody, 2001), Australian Policy Activism in Language and Literacy (with Rosie Wickert, 2001), Voices from Phnom Penh, Development and Language (2002), Teaching Invisible Culture: Classroom Practice and Theory (with Chantal Crozet, 2003), and Language Policy in Australia (Council of Europe, 2004).

Tim Mehigan FAHA

Foundation Chair of Languages and Head of the Department of Languages and Cultures, University of Otago, New Zealand.

Formerly at the University of Melbourne, Tim Mehigan was a Humboldt Fellow at the University of Munich in 1994 and 1995, and has been President of the German Studies Association of Australia since 2003. He has published extensively in English and German on German literature, particularly the authors Heinrich von Kleist and Robert Musil. In recent work he has investigated the Enlightenment, German idealism and the post-Kantian philosopher Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of the Humanities.

Uldis Ozolins

Lecturer in Politics and Honorary Research Fellow, La Trobe University.

Former head of the Translating & Interpreting (T&I) program at Deakin University in Melbourne, and is a co-author of Liaison Interpreting (1996) as well as numerous other studies on T&I with a particular attention to policy issues. He is currently a Lecturer in Politics and an Honorary Research Fellow at La Trobe University and pursues research on intercultural relations and Australian and international language policy

Pam Peters

Personal Chair in Linguistics at Macquarie University, and Director of its Dictionary Research Centre.

Pam Peters is a member of the Editorial Committee of the Macquarie Dictionary, and of the ABC’s Standing Committee on Spoken English. Her major publications are the Cambridge Australian English Style Guide (1995) and the Cambridge Guide to English Usage (2004). She also directs the Graduate Program in Editing and Publishing at Macquarie University, which provides higher degrees in editing and publishing.  She also convenes the Style Council conferences, and has contributed six chapters to the Australian Government Style Manual (2002).

Haami Piripi

Chief Executive Officer of Te Taura Whiri i te Reo Maori (The Maori Language Commission) and Humanities Council Member.

Haami is not strictly an academic but has spent thirty years working in the public and Maori sectors across a spectrum of activities.

He has a Bachelor of Social Work degree majoring in Counselling and Sociology and is an exponent of Maori language and culture.

Anthony Pym

Director of postgraduate programs in translation, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.

Anthony Pym works on sociological approaches to translation and intercultural communication. He is the author of Translation and Text Transfer (1992), Epistemological Problems in Translation and its Teaching (1993), Pour une éthique du traducteur (1997), Method in Translation History (1998), Negotiating the Frontier: Translators and Intercultures in Hispanic History (2000), The Moving Text: Localisation, Distribution, and Translation (2004), and some 120 academic articles. He has edited or co-edited the volumes L’Internationalité littéraire (1988), Mites australians (1990), Les formations en traduction et interprétation. Essai de recensement mondial (1995), Innovation and E-learning in Translator Training (2003), Translation Technology and its Teaching (2006), Sociocultural Aspects of Translating and Interpreting (2006), and the two series Translation Theories Explained and Translation Practices Explained (St. Jerome).

Farzad Sharifian

Postgraduate Coordinator of the Program of English as an International Language, School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics at Monash University.

Farzad Sharifian has carried out extensive research in several areas of linguistics and applied linguistics focusing on Aboriginal English, Persian, and English as an International Language. He has published numerous articles in international journals such as World Englishes, Anthropological Linguistics, Pragmatics & Cognition, Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, and Journal of Cognition and Culture. Farzad was an ARC Post-Doctoral Fellow from 2003 to 2005 and has received multiple awards for his research including Edith Cowan University’s Research Medal.

Edwin Thumboo

Professorial Fellow, Department of English Language and Literature, National University of Singapore.

Edwin Thumboo is a celebrated Singaporean poet, and became a professor in the Department of English Language and Literature at the National University of Singapore, and later Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, until 1991, teaching Elizabethan/Jacobean drama, the Romantic poets, Singapore and Malaysian Literatures, and creative writing courses in addition to tutoring the other major areas of English studies. His research interests included the modern novel, the novels of Empire, Commonwealth literature and Shakespeare (the Roman plays).

He is considered to be Singapore’s unofficial poet laureate since independence, and has published seven volumes of poetry. He won the National Book Development Council of Singapore Awards in 1978 and 1994, and the inaugural S.E.A. Write Award in 1979, the Cultural Medallion for Literature in SIngapore in 1980, and the ASEAN Cultural Communication Award (Literature) in 1987. His works include Rib of Earth (1956), The Gods Can Die (1977), Ulysses by the Merlion (1979) and A Third Map (1993). He has also edited several anthologies.

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